E. Murat Tuzcu

General description of procedure, equipment, technique Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and classification Various developmental or acquired anomalies may lead to intracardiac shunting. Patent foramen ovale (PFO) refers to the nonclosure of the potential space between septum primum and secundum (analogous to a flap valve) located at the superior and inferior margin of the foramen ovale. During fetal…

General description of procedure, equipment, technique Symptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is due to significant obstruction to flow in the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT). This obstruction results from a thickened interventricular septum (IVS) and systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve (most commonly the anterior mitral apparatus). Mitral regurgitation resulting from SAM also contributes…